China's printing industry during the Anti-Japanese War 1.4

The fourth quarter of the printing industry in enemy-occupied areas

In 1937, the Japanese imperialists launched a long-planned and large-scale war of aggression against China. Big cities such as Peiping, Tianjin, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, and Guangzhou lost their seats. Large-scale territories were invaded by Japanese robbers and became a part of the Anti-Japanese War. "Admission Zone." In fact, the enemy-occupied area is not just the above-mentioned Chinese territory occupied by China in the aftermath of the July 7th Incident. Because Japan invaded China for 70 years, China’s treasure islands were occupied by Japan as early as 1895, and the three northeastern provinces also annexed Japan after the September 18th Incident of 1931. Taiwan and the three eastern provinces became colonies of Japan and occupied areas of China as early as seven or seven decades ago. Since Taiwan and the three eastern provinces have long since fallen, especially since Taiwan was invaded by Japan at the end of the 19th century, it has not been described in detail or even introduced in the chapter on the rise of the modern Chinese national printing industry. It is intended that it is an enemy-occupied area and that it should be described in the "occupied area".

The enemy-occupied area includes more than half of China's territory and is a developed area along the coast and along the river. Before the fall of China's modern printing industry rose from here and developed, China's printing industry is mainly concentrated here. At the same time, in the printing industries around the enemy-occupied areas, there are unique and similar situations in the enemy-occupied areas. To this end, the printing industry in the enemy-occupied areas is briefly described in Taiwan, the three northeastern provinces, Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, and Guangzhou. Among them, Beijing, Shanghai, and Nanjing were decimated from July to December of 1937. Although there was an island concession area in Shanghai before the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, it was basically under the control of the Japanese during the eight-year war of resistance. It was recorded in the enemy-occupied areas; Wuhan and Guangzhou, especially Wuhan, had been the focal points for the transfer of factories and institutions from Shanghai and Nanjing to the Mainland in the early days of the War of Resistance, but they were soon occupied by the Japanese army and occupied during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Below, it is also described in the "Printing Industry in the Occupied Areas" section. It is only the description of these areas that will give a full account of the historical facts surrounding the short period of time before the fall of the anti-Japanese war to reflect the turmoil in the printing business. This is a need for prescriptive explanation.

I. Taiwan's Printing Industry See Taiwan’s Mr. Chen Zhengxiong’s article “Development History of Taiwan's Printing Industry”.

After Japan’s crushing of Japan to Japan in 1895, after Japan’s Meiji, Taisho, and Showa emperors, Japan surrendered unconditionally in 1945. Japan’s high-pressure police ruled China’s Taiwan for half a century. During this period, not only were senior officials in Taiwan served by the Japanese, but there were also obvious differences in the promotion of the general staff. The Taiwanese people suffered from discrimination and abuse by the colonialists. At the same time, a large number of Japanese merchants and veterans based mainly in Kansai and Kyushu came to Taiwan to set up printing and stationery lines. The printing industry in Taiwan is almost exclusive to the Japanese. In particular, the prints at all levels of government agencies, the Ministry of Railways, and the Posts and Telecommunications Bureau at that time were all packaged by Japanese printers. At that time, the printing organizations established by the Japanese in Taipei were most famous for the service department, Otaru, Matsuuraya, Guri Inoue, Tokumaru, Shengjin, and Ogawa. The service department not only has complete letterpress printing equipment, but also several hand-held platform lithographs and several lithographic printing machines capable of accepting color prints, including the relatively advanced metal plate hand-printing machine. The comprehensive printing capabilities of lithographic, lithographic and letterpress printing are as many as 100 people. There is also a print shop called "Mountain??" opened by a Japanese person, who specializes in form printing and almost monopolizes Taiwan's printed forms. In addition to the printing agencies established by the Japanese business community and the corporate sector, the Government House of Japan also has a printing office to print one, five, ten dollar bills and government secret documents.

In Taipei, under the rule of Japan, there are also many people who print in the country. Larger companies include Bright Society, founded by Mr. Xie Hutu, and Shimizu and Mr. Deng Jinyi founded by Mr. Chen Qingshui. Among them, there are nearly 120 workers in the printing factory of Daming Community. They have casters, off-set letterpress printing presses, chrysanthemum half-press printing presses, four start-up presses, lithographic printing presses, hand-operated lithographs, binding machines and some corresponding ones. Grinding plate-making equipment. Although the scale is large, the equipment is relatively simple. There is also a similar situation between Bright Club and Shimizu Firm. By the early 1940s, 80% of Taipei's printing industry was printed on lead and 20% was on lithographic printing.

At that time, the printing industry in Taichung, the second largest city in Taiwan, had about thirty to forty manufacturers engaged in print, lithograph, and metal plate printing. Among the larger ones are the "Baijitang", which is mainly based on letterpress printing, and the Ruicheng Publishing House, which is mainly based on publishing and publishing Buddhist scriptures. The printing industry in Tainan City, the third largest city, is more developed than the second largest city in Taichung City. There are four mechanized lithographic printing plants based on platform type stencil printing machines. One of them has a modern metal platen lithographic printing press with a printing speed of 60 sheets per minute. This was the most advanced press at the time.

Taiwan under Japanese rule had reported to six newspapers during the War of Resistance Against Japan. Two of them are in Taipei, one in Taichung, Tainan, Kaohsiung and Hualien. Taiwan's copper zinc plate letterpress printing technology began in these newspaper printing plants. At the time, the photographic copper-zinc platemaking technique using the photographic technique was in the hands of the Japanese. However, it has inevitably cultivated a number of technical personnel in the field of photoengraving for Taiwan. The equipment used for printing is mainly imported. Taiwan can only produce a handful of simple machines such as manual lithographs and letterpress printers, as well as papers for writing and printing, mold making and paper making, and printing paper. The machine and high-quality paper such as the cutting machine, the cutting machine and the lithographic printing machine are all imported.

At the end of the anti-Japanese war, when the Japanese military lost their battles, they searched Taiwan’s supplies in an awful manner. The printing industry also faltered. Not only did the company lack materials and services, but it also caused casualties and equipment damage, which caused great damage and destruction to the already lagging Taiwanese printing industry.

II. Printing Industry in the Three Northeast Provinces

After the September 18th Incident in 1931, with the Chinese army not resisting, the Japanese invading army quickly occupied the three northeastern provinces, and in March 1932 established the Shu regime in Changchun. Due to the need for military aggression against China and control over news, publication, and promotion of culture and education, the northeastern printing industry has undergone an abnormal development. In other words, the original printing companies in China have collapsed or shrunk, showing a depression; while the enemy’s puppet regime is trying to inflict aggression on the aggressors and exculpatory responsibilities, it is strengthening and developing their printing organizations run by the Japanese. This phenomenon of abnormal development is common in the enemy-occupied areas.

After the fall of the Northeast, many of the original large-scale printing companies in the Northeast occupied Japan in different ways. For example, Harbin's most influential "Xinhua Press" was invaded by the Japanese government in 1931, and was renamed "Binjiang Printing Co., Ltd."; on March 23, 1935, the Soviet government had no power in the Chinese government. The Middle East railway in northeast China was sold to Japan's Manchu Railway Co., Ltd. The former Middle East Railway Printing Factory was renamed Harbin Railway Bureau Printing Office. At the same time, the "Kanazawa Bank Printing Bureau" was added. The Japanese aggressors promoted the so-called "national language" (Japanese language) education in the northeast and carried out Japanese language training and enslaving education for the Chinese people. This required a large amount of Japanese textbooks and newspapers and magazines required by the aggressors to serve China's invasion of China. Books have led to a temporary boom in some of the Japanese-controlled printing industry. The newspapers at that time were "Manchuria News" (Japanese), "New Beijing Daily News" (Japanese), "Datong News" (Manchu), "Korean Daily" (Korean), "Manchu Daily News" (English) , 36 people, such as Manchukuo Daily News (Japanese), Fengtian Daily News (Japanese), Shengjing News (Manchu), Awakening Times (Manchu), etc., mainly distributed in Changchun and Shenyang. In addition, the Taidong Daily, which has Manchu in Dalian, has a Harbin Daily newspaper in Harbin and Harbin Daily News in Japanese. These newspapers use the four lithographic printing presses in addition to the Manchu Awakening Times. Others have advanced rotary presses, and two of them have ultra-high-speed rotary presses. Other equipment is also relatively complete. See Chinese Modern History of Printing, p. 449, Printing Industry Press, 1995.

In the Northeast of the pseudo-Manchu Period, more important publications were published, including "Monthly Manchuria," "Mongolian Studies," "Xingya," "Art," "Kant News," "Ritual," and "National." Species. These publications are mainly written in Japanese, Manchu, Mongolian and Russian, and are controlled by the Japanese. Mainly distributed in Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang and other places. See Chinese Modern History of Printing, p. 449, Printing Industry Press, 1995. The main newspapers and publications published on Chinese soil are mainly written in Japanese instead of Chinese in Chinese; and the Chinese people on Chinese soil have been strengthened in Japanese language education. The ambitions of the wolf are evident.

According to statistics in 1939, at the time only in Heilongjiang Province, there were forty-one print shops directly run by the Japanese for printing books and magazines. This did not include any Japanese agencies, organizations, newspapers and magazines in Heilongjiang Province. The printing establishment started is counted. Among them, there are 14 in Harbin, the largest is the Harbin Printing Institute, which has printed a large number of anti-communist anti-Soviet books; there are four in Qiqihar, the famous Boji Printing Office; there are 12 in Mudanjiang, and the larger one is the Cooperative Printing Co., Ltd. There are two Jiamusi. The private capital printing industry started by the Chinese people is in stark contrast to this, showing a depression.

III. Printing Industry in Peiping

The starting point of Japan’s invasion of China by a large number of aggressors—Lugou Bridge, where the July 7 Incident took place, is located in the southwest of Peiping City, and Peiping (now Beijing) is rapidly falling. After the fall of Peiping, the military was controlled by the Japanese army and the printing industry in Peiping was also controlled by the Japanese army. Take the large commercial press in Peking at the Jinghua Press in Peking and the Printing Department of the Ministry of Finance as an example: After the July 7th Incident, Jinghua Press was controlled by Japan’s Yuli Yangxing, leaving only about 40 employees left. The Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance, which is the largest and most advanced and advanced banknote printing enterprise in China, was taken over by the Japanese government on August 9, 1937, and has since been in a difficult situation controlled by the Japanese and pseudo-Japanese authorities. Japanese invaders used the equipment and manpower of the Printing Department of the Ministry of Finance to print counterfeit banknotes and support their war of aggression against China. At the factory, they implemented policies to strengthen public security, and adopted measures such as erecting power grids on the global fence, setting barriers such as barbed wire at the gates of the printing bureaus and important intersections, setting up guards in important locations, and dispatching military police to patrol at any time. In the case of workers, the "environmental protection" system is adopted to tie the workers together and control workers' behavior of derailment or rebellion.

In order to ensure that the printing bureau printed the quality of Japanese-pure banknotes, they also passed the “Wang Kitang Tang, Chairman of the North China Administrative Council, and instructed the approval of the Finance Department and the Printing Bureau. High-salary hires the Japanese, Masaki Yamakura and Asakura Masaki, to serve as the printing bureau. The technical officer and deputy technical officer used to supervise the printing bureau's production activities. At that time, Wang Jitang wrote in the letter to the General Administration of Finance and the Printing Bureau: "According to the General Administration of Finance, ... China issued by the United Preparatory Bank. The relationship between the currency is huge, and if the printing is not refined, it will affect the credit of the national currency. It is proposed to recommend Shan Shangqian as a technician and Asakura Masaru as an assistant technician. "The two Japanese technocrats enjoy the printing bureau