Modern Printing Application 1.6

Printing > Section 4 Map Printing

Modern map printing has made great progress compared to ancient times. This aspect is the inevitable result of the development of ancient map printing; on the Other hand, it also relies on the use of plain printing and gravure printing techniques in modern printing. Objectively, modern maps have already entered the stage of actual surveying. Therefore, we must pay attention to the correctness of the map and use latitude and longitude to control the relative position. Therefore, the map printing method also needs to be able to adapt to this requirement. Modern map printing and copying, with the development of science and technology, mainly use copper engraving gravure printing, lithography and peace printing indirect printing.

Printed map > 1. Copper engraving gravure printing map

In the forty-seventh year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1708), China began mapping maps. From then on, China entered the phase of measured maps, and compiled the “Emperor's Map” based on measured data. The map was engraved with engravings twice in the five editions of Kangxi (1717) and Kangxi (60) years (1721). In the 58th year of Kangxi (1719), it was also etched to make copper engravings. The latitude is 5° in a row, altogether eight rows, each row is divided into several picture frames, the total picture is forty one. This edition was forty-one copper plates found in the Shenyang Imperial Palace in 1921; it was then printed and bound in the name of "Manchu and Hanzhong Qing Neifu's unified relic map". The copy was horizontally 77 centimeters long, vertical 52.5 centimeters wide, and the map was horizontal. 67 centimeters, vertical 40 centimeters, can spell out a map of China.

In 1925, in the Forbidden City of Beijing, there were one hundred and forty four pieces of “engraved map of the imperial eaves” made in Qing Dynasty forty years (1775). The figure is commonly known as Qianlong's "Thirteen Rows of Emperors' Maps."

The copper-engraved gravure-printed maps, from the eighteenth century to the early twentieth century, exhibited many maps and atlases, especially from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, and developed from monochrome to color printing. Printing materials use lithographic paper and coated paper, and the binding is developed from thread-mounted to butterfly binding, so that the quality of finished products is more refined and beautiful. For example, in the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), the “Map of China and Foreign Countries” edited by Zou Daixi was printed in monochrome on the copper plate; the “Daiqing Empire Full Picture” edited by the Commercial Press in 31st year of Guangxu (1905) was adopted. Copperplate printing is printed in five colors: red, green, blue, brown, and black, and bound by butterflies. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), the “Dragon Dynasty Map of the Province” edited by the Society of Desolation was also used in red, green and blue. Black four-color copper plate printing, butterfly framed; Guangxu twenty-nine years (1903) published "Daiqing Post Office spare map", using red and black two-tone copper plate printing.

Engraved copper gravure platemaking process is: first, the copper plate is washed, the surface of the plate is polished, polished, placed on the iron frame to heat, and a thin layer of wax is coated on the surface of the copper plate as an anti-corrosion layer, and the wax It is made of yellow wax and white wax, added with a small amount of rosin and simmered on the scent. The wax layer on the copper plate is smoked black and used for cooling. Then cover the manuscript with overlaid transparent paper, check all the lines, symbols, and notes on the manuscript. Then paste the transparent paper draft on the copper wax surface, and use the pencil to turn the entire contents of the hook. Trace on the wax surface, forming a mark â—†. When engraving, use the cutting pin to engrave all the line strokes, symbols and notes under the magnifying glass. Only engrave the wax layer and expose the copper layer during engraving. After the inspection, use the etching solution to etch to expose the exposed copper layer. Depression. After the depth meets the requirements, after cleaning, the wax layer on the plate surface is removed, and a corrosion-etched copper intaglio plate is obtained.

2. Shiyin map

At the end of the 18th century, Sennafeld invented lithographs. In the 1970s, China purchased lithographic equipment, printed chanting and religious propaganda materials at the Tushanwan Printing Office in Xujiahui, Shanghai. In the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), the Wuchang Diminutive Society Zou Daixi applied a color stone seal to print a map. The ASIMCO Geosciences Co., Ltd., established in Wuchang, Hubei Province in the year of Guangxu in 1898, printed maps on two lithographs and became the first professional publishing house in China to use lithographic technology to publish small-scale maps. Later, the Zhonghua Book Company and the Commercial Press also studied map printing technology.

The existing maps of Shiyin are more complete, such as the Qing Dynasty Map of the Qing Dynasty, which was discovered in the Shenyang Imperial Palace in 1921. It was published by Shiyin; it was published in the Qing Dynasty (1904). The map of the Earthly Dwellings is also a color lithograph. There is a foreword written by Cai Shang, which is hosted by Yushan Astronomical Observatory. It is published by Tushan Bay, Shanghai Xujiahui, and printed by Hongbao Zhai. The whole picture is composed of six 46-57 cm color pictures, printed in black, red, yellow and blue colors. The line drawing elements are all represented by black, the water department is printed by blue network lines, and the administrative areas are red, yellow and blue. Overprinted on the ground. The framing of this figure is very characteristic. After the collage is a wall chart, but it is also cut into six horizontal, vertical five, each width ranging from left to right: 16.5 cm, 18.4 cm, 18.7 centimeters, 18.9 centimeters, 19.1 centimeters, and 19.3 centimeters, and then thirty pastes are placed on one piece of gauze, leaving a gap of 5 millimeters between each frame for folding. Forming a spread is a wall chart, after folding Into an atlas, approximately the size of the current sixteen pages, the size of 19.3 × 27.8 cm; each cut width of the figure is not equal in size, but also specifically designed for folding, paste on the gauze, but also to prevent the crease from wear and tear . After folding, on the back of the upper right row and the lower row of the right, the cardboard covers are used to make the front cover and the back cover. The cover is marked with the eight-character name tag of "The Dynasty of the Dynasties". Article. It is better to overprint the graphic content (Photos 17-46).

The map lithographic plate making process includes: transfer plate making method and straight drawing plate making method. In the transcribing method, some low-demand maps are directly covered with clear paste paper on the original drawing, and are cleaned with highly oily ink and ink. The notes are also written in soda ink, clearing After the completion, the clear paste paper is transferred to the polished lithographic plate surface through a hand-held lithographic printing machine, and can be printed after being processed; the other is combined with a copper engraving intaglio plate to complete the s The intaglio plate is inked and inked to emboss the ink graphic on the gravure plate to the paste paper, and the graphic image on the paste paper is transferred to the lithographic plate surface. The printing plate made by this method has fine picture and text. The straight-engraving method is used to produce maps on the dyed version, such as blue on the map, and on administrative districts. The method of making plates is to print the outline of the figure on the paper and sprinkle Red powder, press the red powder onto the stone plate, apply the glue to the part that does not need to be dyed, the part that needs to be dyed is coated with soda ink, and it is printed as a spot dyed version. If you need to use a network cable, use a copper plated cable. Printed on a paste sheet, the paste is transferred to a lithograph, and a stencil printing version is made, and a printing plate is made in one color. Therefore, the color map of the map begins with lithography.

3. Plane indirect printing map

In 1908, the Commercial Press first had a zinc printing press. Instead of a thick, inflexible stone plate, the Zink plate was used to enter the new stage of indirect printing. In 1913, the Central Mapping Bureau of Peiping also began to use direct photolithography to print maps. In 1918, the Zhonghua Book Company purchased a full-page offset press to print the first batch of topographic maps of the entire country in China. In 1922, the Shanghai Institute of Earth Science, founded by Shanghai, purchased the printing equipment in 1929 and established a map printing factory. In 1938, Shanghai established the Yaguang Sangji Institute, set up a map-making and photogravure department, and also set up a Hongguang color printing factory specializing in printing maps. Therefore, the use of lithographic indirect printed maps in China began in the 1970s.

The map lithography plate printing process starts with the same transfer printing method as the lithographic plate. After the photolithography equipment was in place, a map base was obtained by iodine-gel wet-board photography, and a hand-divided color was used as a line-drawing base plate, a prophylactic plate was made, and a lithographic plate was red pigmented and gel-stained. The version and the cable version are the same. The printing method was gradually changed from a round press type press to a rotary indirect type press.

4. Map Printing Education

In the thirty years of the Qing dynasty (1904), Peking set up a military surveying and mapping school for the Imperial College of the Qing Dynasty, dividing the triangulation, terrain, and mapping. Due to the need to print maps, we started printing classes and taught courses in sculpture, electroplating, photography, and printing. As a result, the school's printing classes became the earliest printing education in Chinese history. In 1912, the Army Survey and Mapping Academy was reorganized into the Central Army Survey School. In 1931, the Nationalist Government rebuilt the Central Army Survey School under the jurisdiction of the General Staff Headquarters. The school site is located in Nanjing. In 1945, the Central Army Survey School was renamed the Military Command Central Land Survey School. In 1947, it was reorganized into a measurement school for the Ministry of National Defense. The school site is located in Suzhou.

In 1946, the Northeast Military Surveying and Mapping School was established with a graphic team and a printing course.

Printing > Section 5 Fabric Printing

Fabric printing in modern China was developed from Chinese ancient fabric printing, and continues to develop under the influence of Western modern fabric printing technology. In history, in the first half of the 20th century, modern screen printing technology was introduced into China from Japan, mainly for silk printing and dyeing. In the early years of the Republic of China, Japanese merchants opened the Shanghai Yonglong Printing and Dyeing Factory using screen printing technology for the first time in Shanghai. The factory used a manual platform printing machine to print silk and gained a lot of money. The Chinese people followed suit. At the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japan, there were more than a dozen silk printing and dyeing factories in Shanghai. During the eight years of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the number of silk printing and dyeing factories decreased. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it increased rapidly. As the society's need for printing silk is growing, some small printing factories have emerged. As of 1949, there were no more than forty or fifty silk printing factories in Shanghai. Yan Yan: An overview of screen printing in Shanghai; Journal of Monthly Staining, 1948, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 53. At this time, screen printing technology is in the stage of promotion and dissemination in the silk printing and dyeing industry, and many small factories are actively researching and trialing. Formed the situation of modern silk screen printing and traditional type printing coexist.

The European industrial revolution that began with the textile printing and dyeing industry has played a role in the advent of high-speed continuous fabric printing machines. An initial attempt was made in the United Kingdom in 1701 when it was tested with a sculpted wooden roller. Until 1783, British Scotsman Thomas Bell patented the method of engraved gravure roll printing fabric to complete the transition from monolithic printing to continuous machine printing of fabric printing. Since then, large-format printers, multi-roller printers, and double-sided printers have come out one after another, but all are based on the same printing principle.

The earliest time that the roller printing machine was introduced into China was in the late Qing and early Republic of China. The Sino-Japanese war in the Sino-Japanese forced the Qing government to sign a treaty to sell the country; the Treaty of Shimonoseki followed; Britain, the United States, Japan, and Germany set up printing and dyeing plants in coastal cities in China. The roller printing machine also entered China with it. Shanghai Yingshang Lunchang Textile Printing and Dyeing Factory and Nippon Merchants Cotton & Cotton Co., Ltd. are the first printing and dyeing enterprises in China. In 18 years, the Shanghai Printing and Dyeing Factory established in the Republic of China was the earliest national capital printing and dyeing factory. White Paper: The History of Printing; "Dyeing Monthly", 1939, Vol. 10, No. P26.