Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms through the deposition and compaction of clay and silt particles under pressure and temperature. It often exhibits thin, layered structures, making it prone to splitting along these planes.
The primary chemical composition of shale includes silica (SiO₂) ranging from 45% to 80%, aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) between 12% and 25%, iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) from 2% to 10%, calcium oxide (CaO) up to 12%, and magnesium oxide (MgO) up to 5%.
Shale can be classified into several types based on its composition, such as calcareous shale, iron-rich shale, siliceous shale, carbonaceous shale, black shale, and oil shale. Due to its low permeability, shale often acts as an impermeable layer, preventing the movement of groundwater.
Various images of different shale types are shown below:
[Image of Calcareous Shale]
[Image of Siliceous Shale]
[Image of Iron Shale]
[Image of Oil Shale]
[Image of Black Shale]
[Image of Carbonaceous Shale]
When cutting shale, especially black shale, it's important to maintain stability during the process. Water should generally be avoided, as it may weaken the material. The cutting force should be gentle to prevent layer separation.
Equipment used for cutting includes the STX-1202 automatic diamond wire cutting machine. This device allows for dry cutting, with a cutting line length of 150 meters that helps dissipate heat effectively. It offers flexibility, reducing stress-induced fractures and edge damage. It can cut thin sheets, with denser samples allowing for smaller minimum thicknesses. The resulting cut surface is smooth, and with harder materials, it can even achieve results similar to fine grinding.
For sampling, black shale is particularly brittle, so care must be taken to avoid breaking the sample. A QY-30 sampler is commonly used, capable of producing samples with diameters ranging from 3 to 50 mm and depths up to 12 mm. The sampling surface is flat, and the process is automated, ensuring high stability and no need for cooling.
After slicing, samples can be prepared for further analysis. Imaging techniques, such as X-ray imaging, allow for non-destructive, high-resolution, three-dimensional views of shale, which are essential for scientific research and detailed study. The X-ray beam line and experimental station are equipped to provide accurate and detailed imaging data.
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