This year marks the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up. In the past 30 years, under the guidance of the party’s reform and opening up policy, China’s socialist revolution and construction have made brilliant achievements, and all walks of life have undergone earth-shaking changes. The printing industry, like other industries, has undergone dramatic changes.
Going abroad to introduce advanced equipment In 1978, there were only 11,211 various types of printing plants in the country (currently nearly 100,000). When developed countries have popularized laser photocopying, electronic color separation, high-speed offset printing, binding mechanization, and linkage, China The printing technology still stays in the old production processes such as manual lead-plating, backward lead-printing, and manual binding. The technology is backward and the production efficiency is low, and it is far from meeting the needs of printed books, newspapers, and periodicals. The situation in the country where it is difficult to produce books and books is difficult to buy can hardly satisfy the needs of the people’s cultural life.
Faced with the situation of unfamiliarity, the National Publishing Bureau, which was in charge of publishing and publishing work at that time, mobilized all positive factors and actively formulated policies and measures for the development of the printing industry. On the other hand, it started with the development of printing technology and sent printing inspection groups to the developed countries. The country visited and inspected and resumed contact with foreign printing circles for more than a decade, understood the development of the world's printing technology, and saw the gap between our country and the world's advanced level, broadened our horizons, and found our direction. At the same time, under the circumstances that state funds and foreign exchange are in short supply, the company has allocated funds to import advanced equipment such as laser imagesetters, electronic color separation machines, electronic engraving machines, multicolor offset printing presses, and binding and linking motives. . These imported machines are actually just a few prototypes, but they are of great significance and set a model for the development of printing technology.
Encouraging Import Tariffs to Decrease Year by Year After China's accession to the WTO, tariffs on imported printing equipment have been reduced year after year. Taking the offset press as an example, in 2001 before the accession to the WTO, the import tariff was 22%. After the accession to the WTO, the import tariff was reduced to 14.8% in 2002, dropped to 12.4% in 2003, dropped to 10% in 2004, and declined in four years. Up to 120%, much lower than the average 15% of developing countries.
The implementation of the above policies has promoted the import of foreign advanced printing equipment. Taking a sheet-fed offset press as an example, 645 units were imported in 2001. After the accession to the WTO, 785 units were imported in 2002; in 2003, 933 units were imported; in 2004, 1,052 units were imported; in 2005, 1,135 units were imported; in 2006, 1,103 units were imported, in 2007. Imported 1128 sets.
Technological Change Ushers in "Light and Electricity"
More than a decade of printing technology transformation has brought about an epoch-making change in China's printing technology.
The typesetting of newspapers and periodicals has evolved from hand-picking and typesetting, which has been used for hundreds of years, to laser photocopying, and the integration of graphic and text layouts has been greatly improved, which has greatly increased the productivity of typesetting and caused a revolution in typesetting technology.
The color image plate making has evolved from a photo-engraving plate that has been used for more than a hundred years to an electronic color-separation plate-making and combination plate-making. Now it has been developed into a direct plate-making. As of September 2007, the country has imported 1,049 direct plate-making systems, which has led to the rapid development of color image plate-making technology.
The printing of newspapers and periodicals has progressed from offset printing that lasted for more than a hundred years to offset printing and color printing. This has revolutionized our country's printing technology, from the era of "lead and fire" to the era of "light and electricity."
Stapling has evolved from manual or stand-alone binding of the past to mechanization and interlocking binding, freeing up a lot of heavy manual labor and improving production efficiency.
The publication and printing technology of newspapers developed faster. It took the lead in implementing laser photocopying, high-speed offset printing, networking of information resources, and layout satellite transmission, which greatly improved the propaganda efficiency.
Policy support Set off the culmination of technological reforms After years of arduous struggle, China’s national economy has gradually recovered, and the people’s demands for material and cultural life are increasing. The problems of difficulties in publishing books, difficulties in buying books, and lack of printing production capacity, and backward printing technologies are increasingly increasing. prominent. Printing authorities alone have been unable to resolve this outstanding contradiction. This prominent contradiction has attracted the attention of the central leadership. After a period of brewing, on June 6, 1983, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council made the "Decision on Strengthening the Publishing Work." It pointed out the direction for the development of publishing, printing, and put forward important tasks. At the same time, it instructed the State Economic Commission and Planning Commission to set up a printing technology equipment coordination group that includes leaders of press and publication, machinery, electronics, chemical engineering, and light industry departments, and unifiedly lead and coordinate the transformation of printing technology. In addition, 200 million yuan was allocated to support the transformation of the printing technology, to bring the printing technology to the spot. An import tax shall be exempted for printing technology and equipment imported into the units of key technological transformation projects.
The Central's "Decision on Strengthening Publication Work" gave the publishing department great encouragement and spurs, and the concrete measures taken have given substantial support to the substantive transformation of printing technology. Therefore, in the printing industry in the country, the upsurge of printing technology updating and renovating has been rapidly set. In the "7th Five-Year Plan" and "Eighth Five-Year Plan", the printing technology equipment coordination group has always adhered to the "16-character technical reform policy of photosetting, electronic color separation, high-speed offset printing, and binding binding", and continued to increase the number of preferential policies and measures. The investment in the transformation of printing technology (by transferring funds) is increased from 200 million yuan to more than 1 billion yuan (each five-year plan); the imported equipment for technological transformation projects is still exempt from import taxes.
With the support of the above policies, the printing technology reform has created a new upsurge in one after another, which has enabled China's printing technology to enter a period of rapid development from the recovery period. The number of foreign advanced equipment introduced has increased year by year, effectively raising the level of China's printing technology. According to rough statistics, from 1978 to 1998, during the 20 years of reform and opening up, the country introduced about 500 electronic color separation machines, more than 1,000 multicolor offset printing presses, and more than 60 binding and linking lines.
The introduction of foreign advanced technology is also a good promotion for the domestic printing and manufacturing industry. At the beginning of the reform and opening up, foreign laser photocopying systems once took the upper hand in our country, but they were not replaced by the laser photocopied by Peking University Founder. The technical level of binding machines developed by Beiren, Shanghai Man-Machine and Shanghai Shuji Machinery Factory has been greatly improved, and is widely used in many printing companies.
Simplified examination and approval procedures for tax items have entered the 21st century. In order to meet the requirements of accession to the WTO, China has implemented more open policies, strictly fulfilled its commitment to China's accession to the WTO protocol, further liberalized the market, drastically reduced import tariffs, and attracted foreign investors to invest in China. Domestic printers are also encouraged to sell their products abroad.
Before the reform and opening up, there were very few import and export printing equipment, but only a few sample machines. After the reform and opening up, the import and export goods have gradually increased, and the annual import and export tax rates set by the General Administration of Customs have increased year by year. By 1998, the tariff lines for imported printing equipment had reached 20, increased to 32 after accession to the WTO, increased to 59 in 2008, and added 14 tentative tariff lines. This shows that more and more printed products are allowed to import into China, and the scope is becoming wider and wider. This also shows that our country has further opened its markets to all countries in the world and has expanded its openness.
Prior to China’s accession to the WTO, sheetfed offset presses and web offset presses have long been managed as specific products. The management level is high (its import license is issued by the Ministry of Commerce), there are many approvals, and the approval process is long; in addition to the approval of the management office where the enterprise is located, it must be submitted to Beijing for approval.
After China’s accession to the WTO in 2002, the former Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (later renamed the Ministry of Commerce) and the General Administration of Customs jointly issued the [2002] No. 62, [2003] No. 71, [2004] No. 94 Announcement, which will be used for offset printing. Machines and web offset presses and other products in eight categories were later expanded to 11 catalogues. From the original specific product management method to "automatic import permit mechanical and electrical product catalog" management. This major change resulted in the import licenses for 11 categories of imported offset presses and other products that were previously issued by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (now the Ministry of Commerce) to be issued by the electromechanical products import and export offices of the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities where the enterprises are located. In this way, the management rights were decentralized, the reporting procedures were simplified, the efficiency of office work was improved, the time for office work was shortened, and the company's imported equipment was facilitated.
Policy incentives Encouraging foreign investment After China's accession to the WTO, the Ministry of Commerce revised the “Guidance Catalogue for Foreign Investment Industries†and relevant departments adopted a series of preferential policies to encourage foreign investors to come to China to establish Chinese-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign cooperation, and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (referred to as enterprise). The main policy measures taken are as follows.
Implementation of the two exemptions and three reductions of preferential policies. That is, foreign-funded enterprises are exempted from paying income tax within two years after being put into production and gaining profits. This greatly reduces the risk of foreign investment.
Foreign investors who are allowed to invest in packaging, decoration and printing enterprises may bid for sole proprietorship and joint ventures controlled by foreign investors.
Foreign-funded enterprises that are allowed to export 100% of their prints are exempted from customs duties and value-added tax on their own printing equipment for their own use.
The foreign-funded enterprises that are allowed to have printing licenses for books and periodicals have been approved to print the printing tasks of domestic books and periodicals.
To formulate unit consumption standards for printing and processing trade to facilitate the import and export of foreign-funded enterprises. Before and after joining the WTO, the processing trade unit consumption standards for books, newspapers, children's books, toy boxes, shoe boxes, cigarette packs, and film boxes have been established, which has greatly facilitated the import and export of foreign-funded enterprises.
As a result of the above-mentioned policies and measures, the enthusiasm of foreign-invested printing companies in China has been mobilized. After 2004, the right to examine and approve the foreign-invested foreign-invested enterprises in the three foreign-funded enterprises was transferred to all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, creating more favorable conditions for foreign-invested printing companies in China. Up to now, there are nearly 3,000 printing companies in the Foreign Investment Office in China.
As a result of the above more open policies, attracting foreign investors to invest in foreign-funded enterprises in China and promoting the exchange of printing technology between China and foreign countries, and especially promoting the introduction of new and high technologies, foreign-funded enterprises have brought advanced technologies and advanced management to bring in high quality. The high-tech external processing business, of course, has also brought about market competition, which has brought China's printing technology to a new level. Now it can be said that the world’s most advanced technology and equipment are basically in our country, and high-quality printing products are emerging in an endless stream and sent to the rest of the world. China has become an important processing plant in the world.
Looking back at the 30-odd years of reform and opening up and taking a look at the earth-shaking changes that have taken place in all walks of life today, let's take a look at the rapid development of our country's printing technology. This fully proves that our Party's reform and opening up policies and policies formulated are very wise and correct. Without the party’s reform and opening up policy, there will be no prosperity and prosperity for the motherland today. At the same time, China’s printing technology will not be able to make epoch-making progress.
This year marks the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up. In the past 30 years, under the guidance of the party’s reform and opening up policy, China’s socialist revolution and construction have made brilliant achievements, and all walks of life have undergone earth-shaking changes. The printing industry, like other industries, has undergone dramatic changes.
Going abroad to introduce advanced equipment In 1978, there were only 11,211 various types of printing plants in the country (currently nearly 100,000). When developed countries have popularized laser photocopying, electronic color separation, high-speed offset printing, binding mechanization, and linkage, China The printing technology still stays in the old production processes such as manual lead-plating, backward lead-printing, and manual binding. The technology is backward and the production efficiency is low, and it is far from meeting the needs of printed books, newspapers, and periodicals. The situation in the country where it is difficult to produce books and books is difficult to buy can hardly satisfy the needs of the people’s cultural life.
Faced with the situation of unfamiliarity, the National Publishing Bureau, which was in charge of publishing and publishing work at that time, mobilized all positive factors and actively formulated policies and measures for the development of the printing industry. On the other hand, it started with the development of printing technology and sent printing inspection groups to the developed countries. The country visited and inspected and resumed contact with foreign printing circles for more than a decade, understood the development of the world's printing technology, and saw the gap between our country and the world's advanced level, broadened our horizons, and found our direction. At the same time, under the circumstances that state funds and foreign exchange are in short supply, the company has allocated funds to import advanced equipment such as laser imagesetters, electronic color separation machines, electronic engraving machines, multicolor offset printing presses, and binding and linking motives. . These imported machines are actually just a few prototypes, but they are of great significance and set a model for the development of printing technology.
Encouraging Import Tariffs to Decrease Year by Year After China's accession to the WTO, tariffs on imported printing equipment have been reduced year after year. Taking the offset press as an example, in 2001 before the accession to the WTO, the import tariff was 22%. After the accession to the WTO, the import tariff was reduced to 14.8% in 2002, dropped to 12.4% in 2003, dropped to 10% in 2004, and declined in four years. Up to 120%, much lower than the average 15% of developing countries.
The implementation of the above policies has promoted the import of foreign advanced printing equipment. Taking a sheet-fed offset press as an example, 645 units were imported in 2001. After the accession to the WTO, 785 units were imported in 2002; in 2003, 933 units were imported; in 2004, 1,052 units were imported; in 2005, 1,135 units were imported; in 2006, 1,103 units were imported, in 2007. Imported 1128 sets.
Technological Change Ushers in "Light and Electricity"
More than a decade of printing technology transformation has brought about an epoch-making change in China's printing technology.
The typesetting of newspapers and periodicals has evolved from hand-picking and typesetting, which has been used for hundreds of years, to laser photocopying, and the integration of graphic and text layouts has been greatly improved, which has greatly increased the productivity of typesetting and caused a revolution in typesetting technology.
The color image plate making has evolved from a photo-engraving plate that has been used for more than a hundred years to an electronic color-separation plate-making and combination plate-making. Now it has been developed into a direct plate-making. As of September 2007, the country has imported 1,049 direct plate-making systems, which has led to the rapid development of color image plate-making technology.
The printing of newspapers and periodicals has progressed from offset printing that lasted for more than a hundred years to offset printing and color printing. This has revolutionized our country's printing technology, from the era of "lead and fire" to the era of "light and electricity."
Stapling has evolved from manual or stand-alone binding of the past to mechanization and interlocking binding, freeing up a lot of heavy manual labor and improving production efficiency.
The publication and printing technology of newspapers developed faster. It took the lead in implementing laser photocopying, high-speed offset printing, networking of information resources, and layout satellite transmission, which greatly improved the propaganda efficiency.
Policy support Set off the culmination of technological reforms After years of arduous struggle, China’s national economy has gradually recovered, and the people’s demands for material and cultural life are increasing. The problems of difficulties in publishing books, difficulties in buying books, and lack of printing production capacity, and backward printing technologies are increasingly increasing. prominent. Printing authorities alone have been unable to resolve this outstanding contradiction. This prominent contradiction has attracted the attention of the central leadership. After a period of brewing, on June 6, 1983, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council made the "Decision on Strengthening the Publishing Work." It pointed out the direction for the development of publishing, printing, and put forward important tasks. At the same time, it instructed the State Economic Commission and Planning Commission to set up a printing technology equipment coordination group that includes leaders of press and publication, machinery, electronics, chemical engineering, and light industry departments, and unifiedly lead and coordinate the transformation of printing technology. In addition, 200 million yuan was allocated to support the transformation of the printing technology, to bring the printing technology to the spot. An import tax shall be exempted for printing technology and equipment imported into the units of key technological transformation projects.
The Central's "Decision on Strengthening Publication Work" gave the publishing department great encouragement and spurs, and the concrete measures taken have given substantial support to the substantive transformation of printing technology. Therefore, in the printing industry in the country, the upsurge of printing technology updating and renovating has been rapidly set. In the "7th Five-Year Plan" and "Eighth Five-Year Plan", the printing technology equipment coordination group has always adhered to the "16-character technical reform policy of photosetting, electronic color separation, high-speed offset printing, and binding binding", and continued to increase the number of preferential policies and measures. The investment in the transformation of printing technology (by transferring funds) is increased from 200 million yuan to more than 1 billion yuan (each five-year plan); the imported equipment for technological transformation projects is still exempt from import taxes.
With the support of the above policies, the printing technology reform has created a new upsurge in one after another, which has enabled China's printing technology to enter a period of rapid development from the recovery period. The number of foreign advanced equipment introduced has increased year by year, effectively raising the level of China's printing technology. According to rough statistics, from 1978 to 1998, during the 20 years of reform and opening up, the country introduced about 500 electronic color separation machines, more than 1,000 multicolor offset printing presses, and more than 60 binding and linking lines.
The introduction of foreign advanced technology is also a good promotion for the domestic printing and manufacturing industry. At the beginning of the reform and opening up, foreign laser photocopying systems once took the upper hand in our country, but they were not replaced by the laser photocopied by Peking University Founder. The technical level of binding machines developed by Beiren, Shanghai Man-Machine and Shanghai Shuji Machinery Factory has been greatly improved, and is widely used in many printing companies.
Simplified examination and approval procedures for tax items have entered the 21st century. In order to meet the requirements of accession to the WTO, China has implemented more open policies, strictly fulfilled its commitment to China's accession to the WTO protocol, further liberalized the market, drastically reduced import tariffs, and attracted foreign investors to invest in China. Domestic printers are also encouraged to sell their products abroad.
Before the reform and opening up, there were very few import and export printing equipment, but only a few sample machines. After the reform and opening up, the import and export goods have gradually increased, and the annual import and export tax rates set by the General Administration of Customs have increased year by year. By 1998, the tariff lines for imported printing equipment had reached 20, increased to 32 after accession to the WTO, increased to 59 in 2008, and added 14 tentative tariff lines. This shows that more and more printed products are allowed to import into China, and the scope is becoming wider and wider. This also shows that our country has further opened its markets to all countries in the world and has expanded its openness.
Prior to China’s accession to the WTO, sheetfed offset presses and web offset presses have long been managed as specific products. The management level is high (its import license is issued by the Ministry of Commerce), there are many approvals, and the approval process is long; in addition to the approval of the management office where the enterprise is located, it must be submitted to Beijing for approval.
After China’s accession to the WTO in 2002, the former Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (later renamed the Ministry of Commerce) and the General Administration of Customs jointly issued the [2002] No. 62, [2003] No. 71, [2004] No. 94 Announcement, which will be used for offset printing. Machines and web offset presses and other products in eight categories were later expanded to 11 catalogues. From the original specific product management method to "automatic import permit mechanical and electrical product catalog" management. This major change resulted in the import licenses for 11 categories of imported offset presses and other products that were previously issued by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (now the Ministry of Commerce) to be issued by the electromechanical products import and export offices of the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities where the enterprises are located. In this way, the management rights were decentralized, the reporting procedures were simplified, the efficiency of office work was improved, the time for office work was shortened, and the company's imported equipment was facilitated.
Policy incentives Encouraging foreign investment After China's accession to the WTO, the Ministry of Commerce revised the “Guidance Catalogue for Foreign Investment Industries†and relevant departments adopted a series of preferential policies to encourage foreign investors to come to China to establish Chinese-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign cooperation, and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (referred to as enterprise). The main policy measures taken are as follows.
Implementation of the two exemptions and three reductions of preferential policies. That is, foreign-funded enterprises are exempted from paying income tax within two years after being put into production and gaining profits. This greatly reduces the risk of foreign investment.
Foreign investors who are allowed to invest in packaging, decoration and printing enterprises may bid for sole proprietorship and joint ventures controlled by foreign investors.
Foreign-funded enterprises that are allowed to export 100% of their prints are exempted from customs duties and value-added tax on their own printing equipment for their own use.
The foreign-funded enterprises that are allowed to have printing licenses for books and periodicals have been approved to print the printing tasks of domestic books and periodicals.
To formulate unit consumption standards for printing and processing trade to facilitate the import and export of foreign-funded enterprises. Before and after joining the WTO, the processing trade unit consumption standards for books, newspapers, children's books, toy boxes, shoe boxes, cigarette packs, and film boxes have been established, which has greatly facilitated the import and export of foreign-funded enterprises.
As a result of the above-mentioned policies and measures, the enthusiasm of foreign-invested printing companies in China has been mobilized. After 2004, the right to examine and approve the foreign-invested foreign-invested enterprises in the three foreign-funded enterprises was transferred to all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, creating more favorable conditions for foreign-invested printing companies in China. Up to now, there are nearly 3,000 printing companies in the Foreign Investment Office in China.
As a result of the above more open policies, attracting foreign investors to invest in foreign-funded enterprises in China and promoting the exchange of printing technology between China and foreign countries, and especially promoting the introduction of new and high technologies, foreign-funded enterprises have brought advanced technologies and advanced management to bring in high quality. The high-tech external processing business, of course, has also brought about market competition, which has brought China's printing technology to a new level. Now it can be said that the world’s most advanced technology and equipment are basically in our country, and high-quality printing products are emerging in an endless stream and sent to the rest of the world. China has become an important processing plant in the world.
Looking back at the 30-odd years of reform and opening up and taking a look at the earth-shaking changes that have taken place in all walks of life today, let's take a look at the rapid development of our country's printing technology. This fully proves that our Party's reform and opening up policies and policies formulated are very wise and correct. Without the party’s reform and opening up policy, there will be no prosperity and prosperity for the motherland today. At the same time, China’s printing technology will not be able to make epoch-making progress.
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