According to a recent report on the "Nature" magazine website, scientists at the NEST Nanoscience Institute in Pisa, Italy, found in the latest research that the magnetic field can control the direction of heat flow between individuals, so that heat may be transferred from cooler individuals to hotter individuals.
The physicist Brian Josephson predicted in 1962 that electrons could "open a channel" between two superconductors separated by a thin insulator, a process that is not allowed in traditional physics. Josephson then produced superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). The SQUIDs consisted of two Y-shaped superconductors, connected to form a loop, and two insulating sheets sandwiched between them.
Francisco Giazzoto and Maria Jose Martinez Perez of the institute measured the thermal characteristics of the SQUIDs device, that is, how the electrons inside conduct heat transfer. They heated one end of the SQUIDs device and measured the temperature of the electrode connected to it. It was found that when they changed the magnetic field passing through the loop, the heat flowing through the SQUIDs device also changed.
This discovery subverted heat transfer to a certain extent, making it possible for heat to be transferred from cooler individuals to hotter individuals. This obviously violates the second law of thermodynamics-heat is always transferred from the hotter to the colder. But Giazzoto believes that the above process is actually completely reasonable, because only part of the heat flow changes in phase. If only single electron heat transfer is considered, the net flow is still from the hot end to the cold end.
This heat flow transformation can be explained based on the "phase" of the superconductor. The position of the wave function peaks and troughs describes the superconducting electron pairs in the SQUIDs device circuit. The maximum heat flow occurs when the peak of one half of the loop meets the peak of the other half. Conversely, when the peak meets the valley, the heat flow is at a minimum. The magnetic field converts these phases to each other, thereby changing the heat flow.
Klepvik of the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands believes that their research is "cute" but "not surprising" and doubts its practical value. He said: "The only possible area is solid-state refrigeration, replacing cryogenic coolant."
But Giazzoto believes that research will help to realize the development of miniature and highly efficient heat engines. He also hopes that the research will become the basis of "coherent heat" and use heat exchange instead of electrical signals to convey information. Previously, Giazzoto and others had built equipment to control heat exchange using electricity instead of magnetism.
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