2) Dressing and Hemostasis
Bandaging and hemostasis involves applying a bandage, pad, or tourniquet directly to a wound or ligating a specific area.
Operation Essentials
A. Pressure Bandage Hemostasis: Suitable for small arteries, veins, and capillary bleeding. After placing sterilized gauze on the wound, fold it into a mat using cotton balls, gauze rolls, or towels, and place it over the wound before tightly wrapping with a triangle towel or bandage to stop bleeding.
B. Limb Addition Hemostasis: For upper limbs and calves without fractures or joint injuries, use the limb to stop bleeding. For upper arm bleeding, place a firm pad in the armpit, press the arm against the chest, and secure it with a triangle towel, bandage, or belt. If the forearm or calf is bleeding, fix the limb at the elbow or popliteal fossa.
C. Tourniquet Hemostasis: Use an elastic rubber tube or band. Apply it to the upper third of the upper arm for the upper limb and the middle of the thigh for the lower limb. Elevate the injured limb first, place a soft pad under the tourniquet, stretch it around the limb twice, and knot it outside. Mark the time and relax every 40 minutes.
Precautions
1. If there's a fracture in the wound, it must be fixed with a splint. Avoid pressure bandage hemostasis if there are broken bones or foreign objects in the wound.
2. When using a tourniquet, ensure it is tight enough. If not, deep arteries may still bleed.
2, First Aid Method for Dressing
1) Bandage Dressing
Wrap the wound with a bandage to fix the gauze, immobilize fractures or bruises, and help control bleeding while protecting the affected area.
Operation Essentials
A. Ring Method: Used for wrists and similar areas. Start with a loop, then wrap in rings, and secure with tape or knots.
B. Serpentine Method: Commonly used for splints. Wrap circularly and overlap the bandage width.
C. Spiral Method: Used for limbs of similar thickness. Start with a few circles, then spiral each ring by one-third or two-thirds.
D. Spiral Reflex Method: Apply to varying limb thicknesses. Start with a ring, then fold each turn to cover one-third or two-thirds of the previous ring.
Precautions
A. Bandages should not be too tight or loose. Otherwise, poor circulation or loose gauze may occur. Check the distal part for coldness if unsure.
B. Knots should not be above the wound or behind the body to avoid discomfort during sleep.
C. In emergencies, use towels, handkerchiefs, sheets (torn into strips), or long nylon socks as substitutes for bandages.
3) Triangle Towel Dressing
For larger wounds, splint fixation, or arm suspension, a triangle towel dressing is required.
Operation Essentials
A. Ordinary Head Dressing: Fold the bottom edge of the triangle towel, place it on the forehead, pull it to the back of the head, tie a half-knot, and wrap around the forehead.
B. Wind Cap Type Head Bandage: Form the top corner and bottom edge into a hood. Place the top corner on the forehead and the bottom edge under the head, covering the head, and tighten the corners around the jaw.
C. Ordinary Facial Dressing: Tie the top corner of the triangle towel and cut holes for eyes and nose. Place the knot on the head, cover the face, and tie the corners in front of the neck.
D. Ordinary Chest Dressing: Place the top corner of the triangle towel up, stick it to the chest. If the left chest is injured, place the top corner on the right shoulder, pull the bottom edge back and tie it at the back. Pull the left corner to the shoulder and tie it. The back dressing is similar but reversed.
Precautions
A. Most families don't have bandages, but they are widely used in first aid and should be equipped. Production is simple, just cut from a one-meter square cloth diagonally.
In addition to the above-mentioned usage, B- striped towel can also be used for dressing hands and feet, and can also be used for dressing and fixing the contusion of the foot, and bandaging and stopping bleeding of the inconvenient wound.
C. Another important use of the triangle towel is to suspend the arm; to fix the arm of the used splint; and to fix the splint to the injured limb without the splint.
3, Fracture
   The destruction of bone continuity and integrity is called afracture.
There are two main types of fractures,
One is a closed fracture that does not pierce the skin.
The other is called an open fracture that pierces the skin.
Most fractures are caused by direct trauma, either due to direct trauma or from the site of the trauma. The latter is called a stress fracture. Sudden contraction of muscles and repeated abnormal pulls can also cause fractures. Fracture is a kind of severe injury in sports injuries. As the fracture occurs, the surrounding muscles are also damaged. There are two kinds of fractures commonly seen in sports: avulsion fracture and fatigue fracture.
A Avulsion fracture: the bone is detached from the ligament and tendon. This fracture is caused by a sudden over-twisting of a part of the body. For example, a sudden outward flip of the ankle joint causes the triangular ligament to avulsion a portion of the medial malleolus, which is a ligamentous tear. This is often seen in avulsion fractures of the Achilles tendon and fractures of the tibia. The latter occurs when the knee suddenly bends too far forward. Excessive traction of the knee joint, the ligament will cause the avulsion fracture of the humerus.
B Fatigue fracture: also known as stress fracture. The real cause of this fracture has not been clearly explained yet, but it is mainly due to the stress and stress caused by excessive weight and muscle fatigue, causing microscopic damage and accumulation of bone. Sexual fracture. For example, when changing from a wooden floor to a softer place such as a lawn, the repeated fluctuations in the same rhythm cause continuous pressure to concentrate at one point due to changes in the ground resilience, resulting in the formation of impact concentration and fracture. For the latter reason, many scholars have also proved that athletes who engage in sports are one of the issues that should be paid more attention. Long-term rhythm activity at the threshold will cause muscle contraction, which may cause fatigue fractures beyond the bone's ability to withstand. It can be said that fractures are very easy to occur in the first few weeks of intense exercise, and we must have a full understanding of this.
Diagnostic symptoms: Fatigue fractures are difficult to detect before they occur, and must be taken seriously when there is a strange feeling in the easily triggered part.
Early symptoms of fatigue fractures include swelling, local tenderness and pain. Although the initial stage of the fracture is painful, it will not feel pain after the break, but regular pain will begin to appear soon, and the pain will increase at night. If you gently buckle the bone or give it a certain external impact in the area where the abnormal feeling is felt, the pain point will be found in the part suspected of having a fatigue fracture.
Treatment: First of all, should prevent shock, pay attention to keep warm, stop bleeding and relieve pain, then bandage fixed, sent to hospital for treatment.
C Fracture fixation
In the event of a fracture accident, in order to make the broken bone no longer aggravate the damage to the surrounding tissue, in order to alleviate the pain of the patient and facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of the doctor, the necessary fixation should be carried out while transporting the patient to the hospital.
Operation essentials
1. Tibial fracture fixation method: The patient's arm is elbow-shaped, fixed with two splints, one placed on the inside of the upper arm and the other on the outside, fixed with a bandage. If there is only one splint, the splint is placed on the outside to fix it, and the injured limb is suspended by a triangle towel.
2. Fixation of thigh fracture: Straighten the injured leg, the length of the splint up to the armpit, and the heel. Two splints are placed inside and outside the thigh; a bandage or a triangle towel is wrapped around.
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